Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency Is A State Agency Of...

The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency is a state agency of the state of Tennessee. Their goal is to manage the states fish and wildlife population and also to enforce the wildlife related laws of the state. They help to protect and preserve the right to hunt not only for the present time, but also for the future. In just this past year, the agency has established some new regulations that have caused an uproar in the hunting community. The two rules which have been headlined in most conversations is the new two buck limit for the states hunting season, and the new antler restrictions on what is considered a buck. Due to the success of many other states with fewer buck limits, TWRA has established these rules. These new rules are designed to have long-term affects on not only hunters, but also possibly the whole state for years to come. While there may be a lot of good that may come from these new changes, there also may be a negative impact hidden between the lines. These rules h ave been designed to increase the amount of trophy deer in the state, increase the amount of doe kills in the state, and also to truly make hunters picky about what they shoot. The ultimate dream of nearly all outdoorsmen in the United States of America today is to kill a mature old whitetail buck, and these chances have been very few and far between in the state of Tennessee in the past. In order for a male whitetail deer to grow into, what some might call, a trophy buck, it will take aShow MoreRelatedHunting: an Act of Conservation1175 Words   |  5 Pagesin conservation efforts. â€Å"Conservation is defined as a careful preservation and protection of something; especially planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) Hunting serves as an act of conservation, by assisting in population control, while also providing funding for wildlife management through the Robertson Pittman Act and hunter created funding groups. While hunting continues to be disagreed upon for various reasons,Read MoreTennessee Coal Sludge Disaster Essay1906 Words   |  8 PagesTennessee Coal Sludge Disaster What Happened? The largest environmental disaster in U.S. history occurred on December 22nd, 2008 when a 84-acre pit containing toxic coal combustion residue at the Tennessee Valley Authority Fossil Plant in Kingston, Tennessee gave way. According to a report by AECOM, the firm hired to perform the root cause report, a â€Å"combination of the high water content of the wet ash, the increasing height of ash, the construction of the sloping dikes over the wet ash,Read MoreThe Bald Eagle And Amur Leopard3039 Words   |  13 Pagesduring the late 1900s and early 2000s. Humanity has taken most of the blame for some of the species to become threatened, endangered, or extinct. On the other hand, more species develop when others die. Even though the extra space is filled with new wildlife, it’s tragic to lose a small scale but important species. Once a species dies out, it’s gone forever with no point of return. Human activities, including hunting and fishing, are critical factors conside red for the explanation of the exotic animalRead MoreAnalysis Of Jim Barborak s The Center For Protected Area Management At Colorado State University1170 Words   |  5 Pagesat Colorado State University, he helps run one of the longest-standing programs in the country. The CSU program is known around the world for providing teaching, training and technical assistance for rangers and staff in the world’s parks and protected natural areas. Barborak moderated a panel at the recent World Ranger Congress, which was held in Estes Park, Colorado. He was not only responsible for introducing the speakers and providing an overview of the topic — roles of agencies in the U.S.Read MoreThe Importance Of Water Engineering Project780 Words   |  4 PagesThe State of Tennessee give permission to manage any type of construction works of other engineering projects, which is monitored by the agency of Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). This involves major procedures and strict requirements that are enlisted by the TDEC in their rules for maintaining the state water quality standards, and also establishing those set standards throughout the state. TDEC also performs extensive statewide watershed management program that is outlinedRead MoreThe Managing Human Resources Class1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Managing Human Resources class has been a great experience for me. My perception of HR has changed s ince we started the class. In the beginning of class, I thought all HR departments were the same as the only one I’ve ever experienced throughout my career; which happens to be with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA). I now understand HR can be much more and TWRA’s HR is not providing many of the services it could be. Unfortunately, TWRA’s HR is only delivering functional expertiseRead MoreEnergy Vs. Beauty in Coal Mining Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesEvery day in the United States people turn on a light, use the oven, and watch television. The energy needed to do these trivial everyday tasks is often taken for granted, yet it is greatly required at all times. A small percentage of this energy is provided by the burning of coal to produce power. The removal of coal for energy has been a long thought out process since the early 1960’s (Holzman). The removal of coal up until around the 1990’s was all done underground, removing the c oal by usingRead MoreFDR’s Alphabet Soup1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbank puts your money to work to keep the wheels of industry and of agriculture turning around.† Meaning that the banks cannot function without a circulation of money in their banks. Thus, with all of America’s money out of the banks, the federal, state, and local banks were unable to function daily. This caused a nation-wide bank â€Å"holiday†. Starting on March 6, every national bank was closed on holiday. From here, the Emergency Banking Act (EBA) was used to empower the President to reopen banksRead MoreFreshwater Mussel and Water Quality: a Review of the Effects of Hydrologic and Instream Habitat Alterations9693 Words   |  39 Pages261-274  © 2000 Ohio Biological Survey Freshwater mussels and water quality: A review of the effects of hydrologic and instream habitat alterations G. Thomas Watters1 Ohio Biological Survey and Aquatic Ecology Laboratory; 1315 Kinnear Road, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 ABSTRACT: Hydraulic impacts represent a suite of habitat alterations that, although having different causes, often have similar methods of affecting the mussel fauna. For instance, logging and channelization are veryRead MoreThe Overall Idea Of Sustainable Development Essay1826 Words   |  8 Pagestalks about the crucial needs of the world’s poor and solving world poverty should be the first on priority list 2. The concept of limitations: Talks about the environment s ability to meet the present and future needs. Social organisations and state technologies are considerable factors in this case. Most of the time, the development is determined by a single specific need. Sustainable development doesn’t fully consider the larger or future impacts (Robert, Parris and Leiserowitz, 2005). But it’s

Paper Tigers Response - 1472 Words

Austin Jones ENC 1101 -037 10/8/13 Yang Response In his essay â€Å"Paper Tigers,† Wesley Yang discusses his own experiences as an Asian American, tying them into the larger picture of Asians functioning in American society today. Yang’s argument is that even though Asian Americans are one of the most successful ethnicities in the country, stereotypes that Asian Americans are exposed to affect the way other Americans view them. Because of personal bias and racism, human society fails to see other people for who they are and put too much emphasis on what they are supposed to or not supposed to be in America today. Stereotypes cloud people’s vision and judgment and keep some from achieving their goals because others have a pre-created†¦show more content†¦The stereotype that Asian Americans just naturally have a step up above the rest that paves the path for the jealousy other ethnicities is really the result of ridiculous amounts of dedication and this group of people should be praised for their work ethic. These cram schools can be found all over Flushing, a town mostly occupied by Americans of Asian descent. In Flushing, NY lives a young Asian American writer named Jefferson Mao who wrote to Yang seeking guidance about â€Å"’being an Asian writer (535).’† This is a great example of how stereotypes are affecting people today. This young man should not have to worry about being an â€Å"Asian† writer, but attempt to be a great writer no matter what his background is. Unfortunately, not all people think this way, and the Asian community suffers because of it. For example, â€Å"Princeton sociologist Thomas Expenshade has calculated that an Asian applicant must, in practice, score 140 points higher on the SAT than a comparable white applicant to have the same chance of admission (536).† This is incredibly unfair to young Asian Americans who strive for greatness and must work harder to not only meet the standards that are required for an individua l to receive admission, but to get the standards needed for an Asian to get in. An example of fair acceptance on the collegiate level would be UC-Berkley. Ten years after outlawing any â€Å"racial engineering† at the State’s publicShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Population Of Wild Tigers1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe Decline in the Population of Wild Tigers (Panthera tigris) Sherene Hall, ZOOL 215, Section 1, Spring 2015 Abstract This paper reviews the causes of declining wild tiger populations. These populations have been rapidly declining in the last 100 years and of eight subspecies of tigers, only five are left. As an umbrella species, they are an important factor within their ecosystems, but poaching, prey depletion, and loss of habitat are pushing wild tigers towards extinction. There is little researchRead MoreTiger Woods Case At The Age Of 201362 Words   |  6 PagesTiger Woods Case In 1996, Tiger Woods had decided to become a professional golfer at the age of 20. In that same year he won a PGA tournament and the Walt Disney World/Oldsmobile Classic. He was awarded Rookie of the Year as well as Sportsman of the Year. Before Woods even turned pro he was being compared to golf legend Jack Nicklaus. (Crain, 1996). Tiger Woods had attracted and exposed a new type of demographic to the game of golf. The following year Woods, who is a minority had become the youngestRead MoreAmy Chuas The Battle Hymn Of Tiger Mother1573 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication skills, having intuition, and so much more. Everyone has a different sense as to how they demonstrate leadership; whether it be within the household, the workplace, or even in politics; we see it everywhere. In Amy Chua’s, The Battle Hymn of Tiger Mother, she demonstrates her leadership qualities throughout her book in to how she chooses to raise her children vs. â€Å"western-style† of parenting. She t akes on a very authoritarian style of parenting to which she demands arguably almost impossibleRead MoreThe Companies That Dropped Tiger Woods1332 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: THE COMPANIES THAT DROPPED TIGER WOODS The Companies That Dropped Tiger Woods During His Scandal Should Not Reinstate Him Joseph E. Thomas TUI UNIVERSITY THE COMPANIES THAT DROPPED TIGER WOODS Abstract This paper explores the truth about when a popular athlete such as Tiger Woods makes a mistake or is even just faced with accusations of a crime these moral clauses are revisited extensively, because the end results and affects of such a marketing campaign that includes a celebrityRead MoreWhat Is The Threat Of Russian Power?1386 Words   |  6 Pagesincursion would have more of an effect on NATO than on Russian geopolitical gain. Putin has continually demonstrated his desire to dismantle NATO by showing it to be a paper tiger. The impact of a military or cyber incursion would be the image it portrays and the manner in which NATO responds. Would NATO enact Article 5? What would NATO’s response indicate for its future reach and influence? Beyond Putin’s aspirations to show NATO to be vulnerable and weak, also high on the list of Putin’s aspirations isRead MoreThe Travails of Nike1390 Words   |  6 Pagesnamely the endorsement crisis and the sweatshop crisis. ENDORSEMENT CRISIS * The Facts Tiger Woods product line of shoes was not selling because Nike priced the goods for hardcore golfers but their styling was more for the youth market. Other than that, there was the brown-shoe phenomenon that showed a demand that was extended to outdoor brands such as Timberland. * Nike’s response Nike realized that the market demand from teenagers who are Nike’s largest and most important targetRead MoreMiss1290 Words   |  6 PagesThursday 1 March 2012 – Morning Time: 1 hour You must have: Calculator, ruler Paper Reference 5BI1H/01 Total Marks Instructions se b ink or †¢ Uill inlack boxesball-point pen. page with your name, F the a the top of this †¢ centre number andt candidate number. nswer all uestions. †¢ Answer theqquestions in the spaces provided †¢ A there may be more space than you need. – Information paper †¢ The total markefor thisuestion is 60.shown in brackets ach q are †¢ ThesemarksRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Analyze, Don’t Summarize† by Michael Berube721 Words   |  3 Pagesmetacommentary and no one actually summarizes on how the game is being played. Instead they analyze, they just point out the important part of the game. In the tenth paragraph he quotes â€Å"Well, Tony let me point out that last night, the Red Sox swept the Tigers and crept to within three games of the Yankees.† And then he quotes that â€Å"†¦I’m just pointing out that the Sox won 3-1, on a four hitter by Schilling, while the Yanks blew another late-inning lead.† Page 304 Berube uses this comparison to explainRead MoreSports And Education : Paving The Way For A New American Life995 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognition. This statement demanded a response from the NCAA and two years later in 1953 â€Å"NAIA leaders voted to consider eligible black colleges for tournament berth,† (Grundy, Pg.188). The Tennessee AI State Tigers became â€Å"the first black college team to take part in an integrated national tournament,† (Grundy, Pg. 189), which was a huge milestone for African American organized sports. A few years later, in 1957 McLendon accepted a head coaching job with the Tigers and led them to a â€Å"NAIA crown, theRead MoreThe Asian Financial Crisis and Thailand: Catalyst for Change...or More of The Same? 1647 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the second half of the 20th century Thailand underwent a rapid transformation from an agrarian to export-driven industrialized economy while sustaining rapid economic growth. What took Europe alm ost a century, the East Asian tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) and the newly industrializing economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand) accomplished in a matter of decades, which led many to believe in an East Asian miracle. However, in 1997 Thailand became the first country

Credit Card Hacking Free Essays

Credit card also referred as plastic money. It is a card provides by bank to user in respect of his bank account or even with out bank account in that bank but against his income amount which he have through his job or business or even his cultivated land. There are two types of card, Credit card and debit card. We will write a custom essay sample on Credit Card Hacking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Credit card is interest base and has certain amount of money which that particular bank pays against you and you will have to pay it back to the bank with interest. Debit card is different from credit card, you can also use it for payments but this payment goes directly from your own account. The concept of cards are basically introduced the idea of CASH WITHOUT MONEY, just for safe your cash from lost and theft. Cash is secure by credit card, but is your card secure .In the world of crime, a new crime has taken birth and it is Credit Card hacking. What you know about credit card hacking? It is simply awesome or a night mare but it can happen. Many people are unaware that when they give their credit card, it can be hacked. There are many ways by which the card can be hacked. Some are here for general purpose. The most common way of credit card’s hacking is quite easy and almost safe. When someone gives his card to any retailers for payment, the retailer copies the code and sells it to the hackers. The retailer copied the code of credit card and then with the help of MSR, transfers it to computer and makes a new but fake card. The credit card holder can’t imagine even what had happened with him. The other method of credit card’s â€Å"hacking† is â€Å"white card†. These white cards are easily available in many countries’ markets and samagals to Pakistan by many people. Unfortunately these cards cannot check in scan machines at Pakistani’s airports. (Quoted from Cyber crime wing FIA Pakistan). These white cards used for as ID cards in big companies as their workers showed it in their scanners and get in the company. But hackers are doing misuse of these cards and they convert the hacked data into this white card’ chip and coated it into fake credit card. To avoid such crimes, the banks are going more conscious to save and secure their DATA that no hacker can reach to them. Now a day’s many banks are introducing Credit card’ insurance plan. It is quite safe and pinafore of card holders. The banks take extra charges for insurance but in the case of insurance, bank is liable to pay you your extra money which is not spend by you, either in case of theft or fraud. How to cite Credit Card Hacking, Papers

Terrorism Is Considered Act Of Violenceâ€Free Samples for Students

Questions: What is the effect of terrorism on the political scenario of Australia? What is the effect of terrorism on the immigrant of Australia? What steps are being taken by the Australian Government in order to prevent or counter the attack of terrorism? Answers: Introduction The report is based on the effects of terrorism. Terrorism is considered as an act of violence that results in the loss of life and damage properties. It is an unlawful attack on the citizens of a country in return for certain demands made. Usually, these demands are in the form of money or in the protest of some acts done against a particular individual or country (Jongman 2017). It causes a panic situation among the people and leads to the loss or lives creating mental trauma among the people. Over the years, several reports have been made on the acts of terrorism. Countries around the world have fallen victim to terrorist attack and that has caused a serious concern for the Government in these countries. Recent terrorist attacks have been seen in the United States and France for which newspapers and media played a vital role in keeping the world aware of the attacks. The evils of terrorism can at times destroy the economy of a country as the damage was done by this act can lead to a lot of repairing cost. The report focuses on the effects caused by terrorism in Australia. The effects of the terrorism on the attitudes of the Australian people form the basis of the analysis of the report. The report is based on information collected from news journals that highlights the significant points relayed to terrorism and provides a proper insight into the effects it can cause on the lives of the people of Australia. Methods In order to conduct the research in an effective manner, the researcher has used a secondary source of data collection. The researcher has gone through various news articles and journals that provide a complete detail about the effects of terrorism in the world and in Australia. The research has been done by checking websites that provide detailed knowledge about the procedures and solutions that need to be done during an act of terrorism. The secondary data of analysis is done in order to get complete details about the topic. Primary data collection has been avoided as most people remain reluctant to talk about the ill effects of terrorism. After gathering the data for relevant websites such as NewsComAu, the researcher expects to analyse the data by comparing old and new facts. The comparison is made in order to understand the ways by which terrorism have evolved over the years. This can help in providing suggestions about the ways by which the Government of Australia can prevent t he attack of terrorism in the country. While collecting the data, the researcher had to face certain ethical issues. These issues need to be abided by in order to cond uct the research in an ethical manner. Some of the issues include avoiding collection of information in a forceful manner. Many websites required an access permission in order to view the contents. Some websites remain blocked in order to maintain the confidentiality of information. Adopting unfair means to derive information from these websites is an ethical priority was needed to be considered by the researcher. Analysis Based on the research questions and the data collected by using secondary sources, the analysis is done in order to understand the effects of terrorism in Australia. The act of terrorism all over the world has resulted in an increased interest in the matter. The threat of terrorism is a new phenomenon in Australia. However, in the recent years and in the past, countries around the world have witnessed the destruction and terror that are caused by terrorism. Some of the examples of terrorist attacks that have made an impact in the lives of the people include the 9/11 attack on New York, the Paris attack, the continuous attack on Israel. Kellner (2015) stated that an individual or a group of people causes terrorism. In order to create mass impact in a country a considerable amount of research is required. Pietsch and McAllister (2012) stated that one of the major reasons behind terrorism is the fact that smaller countries tend to gain power and control over the larger dominating countr ies. Other scholars suggest that terrorism is an act of revenge that is inflicted by members of one country in order to create fear in the mind of the people of other countries (Canetti et al. 2014). Both these causes indicate to the political turbulence that exists between the countries and within a particular country. Nacos (2016) stated the example of Thailand where terrorism occurred against the Government due to matters related to politics and religion. In the case of Australia, it is the attitude of the Government against terrorism that needs to be addressed. The Australian Government is of the view that the country is free from the immediate danger of terrorism. This is because most of the terrorist attacks in the past one year have resulted in the Western countries like the UK or USA or France. The scenario in Australia is such that it is ranked 59th in the list of most impacted countries in the world (NewsComAu 2017). The country lies in the middle of the table and is affected less by the impact of terrorism in the global world. The ranking of the country is not a factor that needs to be worried about but the impact of that may be caused due to the sudden act of terrorism may have a severe impact on the country. In this regard, it is necessary that proper precautions be taken by the Government in order to prevent the attack of terrorism. In the present scenario, such actions are not taken by the Government owing to the low level of threat that the factor possesses on the lives of the people in the country. Laqueur (2016) stated the general cause of terrorism is an entry of people from different nations. It has been evidenced from past terrorist attack that people entering a country as immigrants have formed a terrorist group and attacked that country. This group is caused due to political or ethical issues that are protested by the people in a violent manner. As evidenced by the words of Combs (2015), a sudden attack of terrorism in Australia can be caused due to a large number of immigrants in the country. However, a positive factor in this regard is the fact that the Government conducts a thorough background check of the people that are been given migration certificates. People visiting the country for an educational and professional purpose are also checked in order to understand the background. This can help the country to remain free from terrorism activities (Hunter, Bennett and Robbins 2016). Based on the evidence it can be said that despite a proper background check, the act of terrorism cannot be maintained in an efficient manner. This is because certain sentimental and grave factors trigger the idea of terrorism in the mind of people. Factors such as religion or racial abuse can lead to an act of terrorism. An example can be sorted based on this statement. In 2015, two people due to some racial or religious context gunned down a local police officer of New South Wales. However, both the teenagers were ultimately caught and a shootout led to the deaths of the people. This incident caused panic in the mind of the people and the Government and the local police checked every immigrant from a particular ethnicity thoroughly. According to Yap (2014 ), this act proves that background check of the people is not a feasible option for the prevention of terrorism. Hence, proper prevention techniques are needed in order to combat such activities and maintain the peaceful nature of the country. As stated earlier, the mere background check of an individual is not a reliable method for preventing the act of terrorism. The Government need to formulate strategies that can help in preventing and countering the violent act. In this regard, certain laws are established that punish the people indulged in the act of terrorism (Dunn et al. 2016). These laws are formulated by the Government and constitute the punishments that need to be imposed on the people. However, it is necessary to identify the act of terrorism before implementing the punishment. The offences that may lead to the identification of terrorism include the plan and preparation of terrorism act, providing or receiving information from terrorist gangs and so on. Committing these offences willfully or under the influence of others can lead to the breach of Criminal Code Act of 1995. Under this, a person may be sentenced to death or receive lifetime imprisonment for violating any of the above restrictions. Bader and Berg (2014) suggested that this law could help in creating awareness among the people of the country in lieu of the act of terrorism. The anti-terrorism act also focuses on other suspicious movements that may lead to the loss for the country. According to Jackson and Hall, (2016), it focuses on identifying any organisations that are set up for the sole purpose of indulging in terrorism, cyber crime terrorists and financial terrorists. Gaibulloev, Piazza and Sandler (2017) stated that it is the Role of the Australian Federal Police to investigate these matters and ensure that the country remains safe from such acts. Preventing the use of the laws on a person is the primary necessity of the Government. In this regard, the background check of the individuals is required before providing citizenship of the country (LaFree, Dugan and Miller 2014). This can help prevent terrorist or people suspected of being a terrorist to enter the country. Hence, the laws and the roles played by the Australian justice system can help in the prevention of any terrorist attack in the country. It is for this reason that the possibility of terrorist attack is as low as 4% in the country as compared with countries around the world (Byman 2014). Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that terrorism is a brutal act that causes political, economic and environmental damage to a country. The political attitudes and the attitudes on immigrants are changed due to the cause of terrorism. Australian Government needs to adopt the methods in order to prevent any damage caused by the act of terrorism. Reports suggest that with the increase in technology, terrorist gangs gave an easy access to the knowledge required to gain access in a country. This is a major concern for the people as technology is an important part of the modern world. The data provide a clear understanding of the impact of terrorism and the ways by which it can be prevented or countered. However, while conducting the research, the researcher had faced certain limitations. One such limitation included the inability to access protected and restricted websites. Due to the ethical consideration, the researcher was unable to derive information from these websites. Another limitation faced by the researcher is the lack of primary data. Secondary data does not always give a full detail or a firsthand account of an individual. In order to understand the effects on a practical level, firsthand information was required from the people witnessing such attacks. The research also needed a lot of expense as the purchase of books and use of websites needed financial assistance. Despite these limitations, the research was conducted successfully and the facts presented in the report are genuine. Reference Bader, B. and Berg, N., 2014. The influence of terrorism on expatriate performance: a conceptual approach.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(4), pp.539-557. Byman, D., 2014. Attitudes Toward Political Violence: Religion and Terrorism. Canetti, D., Russ, E., Luborsky, J., Gerhart, J.I. and Hobfoll, S.E., 2014. Inflamed by the flames? The impact of terrorism and war on immunity.Journal of traumatic stress,27(3), pp.345-352. Combs, C.C., 2015.Terrorism in the twenty-first century. Routledge. Dunn, K.M., Atie, R., Kennedy, M., Ali, J.A., OReilly, J. and Rogerson, L., 2016. Can you use community policing for counter terrorism? Evidence from NSW, Australia.Police Practice and Research,17(3), pp.196-211. Gaibulloev, K., Piazza, J.A. and Sandler, T., 2017. Regime types and terrorism.International Organization, pp.1-32. Hunter, L.Y., Bennett, D.J. and Robbins, J.W., 2016. Destabilizing effects of terrorism on party system stability.Terrorism and Political Violence, pp.1-21. Jackson, R. and Hall, G., 2016. Talking about terrorism: A study of vernacular discourse.Politics,36(3), pp.292-307. Jongman, A.J., 2017.Political terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Routledge. Kellner, D., 2015.Media spectacle and the crisis of democracy: Terrorism, war, and election battles. Routledge. LaFree, G., Dugan, L. and Miller, E., 2014.Putting terrorism in context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. Routledge. Laqueur, W., 2016.A History of Terrorism: Expanded Edition. Transaction Publishers. Nacos, B., 2016.Mass-mediated terrorism: Mainstream and digital media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Rowman Littlefield. NewsComAu. (2017).Australias light red shading on this map should give us pause for concern.. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/national/global-terrorism-index-reveals-how-impacted-australia-is-by-terrorist-atrocities/news-story/3a4a8fc53edc05dc069e5a15a2c2dafe [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Pietsch, J. and McAllister, I., 2012. Terrorism and Public Opinion in Australia.Identity, Fear and Governance in the 21st Century, p.79. Yap, G., 2014. The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: A cross-country panel analysis.Journal of Travel Research,53(4), pp.509-521.

Stress in athletics Essay Example For Students

Stress in athletics Essay Stress In AthleticsIn the Journal article by Mark H. Anshel, entitled Qualitative Validation of a Model For Coping With Acute Stress In Sports. Explains how stress affects athletes, and how they can go about to deal with the problem, or cope with the problem. The author breaks this down into four categories. First, they want to perceive a stimulus or experiencing an event, secondly, appraising that event as stressful, thirdly, using either approach or avoidance coping strategies each consisting of either cognitive or behavioral strategies, and finally enacting post-coping activity that consists of either remaining on task, reappraising the stressful situation, examining the effectiveness of the coping strategy, or disengaging from further sport participation. Stress itself is a widely studied characteristic; it is defined as an interaction between an individual and the surrounding environment. Most research on stress is just new, but has been a topic for the last 20 years. But most n ew studies on stress have to deal more with the coping process. Coping is the persons conscious attempt at reducing or managing the demands of a stressful event or expanding the persons resources to deal with the event (Anshel, 2001). Previous research by Gottlieb (1997) explained how coping strategies related to acute forms of stress differ from chronic stress, and that many contexts of chronic stress do not end themselves to an event-centered strategy of measuring coping (pg, 12). While coping research is a more popular study, qualitative research is disregarded. With knowing qualitative research on stress, you can discover the factors causing coping efforts. In one study done by Patton (1990), he took the responses of college athletes about drug behavior among teammates, and why these student athletes would take them (competitive, control weight, overcome boredom) and used these statements to compare to original interview transcripts. There are many studies and views on this topi c and with these studies comes new hypothesis and new information, which can be used to explain a persons reaction to a stressful situation in a sport. We will write a custom essay on Stress in athletics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To prove their point, a simultaneously qualitative research study was used. A sport psychology consultant was sent to a Pro Rugby Team in Australia. He was to become the mental skills coach and stay with the team for 2.5 years. He would interview 28 players 3 days of the previous game. Each athlete was interviewed by disclosing two stressful events that happened in the previous game. The data was recorded on 4 tables. The dependant variable was how much stress occurred in the game and the independent variable was how well the coped with that stress. The interview averaged 43 minutes, and the athletes were asked questions that identified their thoughts and actions immediately following the stressful event (Anshel, 2001). Only 5 questions were thought to be necessary, each had two elaboration and probing questions, which would ask for clarification, examples, or other information. 1. To identify two game stressors; reflect back to a particular game and think of a situation that was stressful? And then rate them on a scale of 1-10 (1 being the lowest, 10 the highest). 2. To assess the appraisal. 3. To identify use of coping strategies. 4. To assess the post-coping process. 5. If a coping strategy was used, was it effective or ineffective?The results of this study showed, in Table 1, was the athletes thought of acute stress, this was ranked (2 questions, 56 stressors total) and showed which event the majority thought was more stressful. While Table 2 tested Lazarus and Folkman (1984) appraisal model of 3 categories, harm/loss, Threat and Challenge. The results were harm/loss (34% appraisal), Threat (48% appraisal) and Challenge (18% appraisal). Table 3, studied coping strategies split into categories, approach and avoidance, each including cognitive and behavioral sub-categories. The last table, or Table 4, asked the athletes to answer questions after they had implemented the coping strategy. They discovered that the most stressful objective (55%) was staying on task. .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .postImageUrl , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:visited , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:active { border:0!important; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:active , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aromatherapy EssayThey believed that coping in sports consists of a group of thoughts, emotions and actions that can be described by the stressed person. Basically what happens to the individual in a game, win/loss, injury can cause acute stress. They also believe that coping is a conscious process, not an automatic

5 Errors in Treating Quotations

5 Errors in Treating Quotations 5 Errors in Treating Quotations 5 Errors in Treating Quotations By Mark Nichol When you quote another person, be sure to avoid these pitfalls of quotation format. 1. Sometimes, LaPierre said, The only thing to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.† In this sentence, the writer has inserted the word sometimes, though the speaker did not utter it verbatim, into the sentence because the speaker intimated it in other words. Because it wasn’t actually spoken, however, it is placed outside the quotation marks. But the sentiment begins with sometimes, not the, so the quotation becomes a partial one and the is not capitalized: â€Å"Sometimes, LaPierre said, ‘the only thing to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.’† 2. Alfred North Whitehead wrote that The best education is to be found in gaining the utmost information from the simplest apparatus.† A similar rule applies to an attribution (â€Å"so and so said/wrote/agreed†) that leads into the quotation without intervening punctuation; the quotation becomes part of a framing sentence, and the first word of the original quotation is not capitalized: â€Å"Alfred North Whitehead wrote that ‘the best education is to be found in gaining the utmost information from the simplest apparatus.’† 3. We knew, Jones says, that the company would eventually become a major competitor, but, without a relationship, we thought we were in danger of not achieving ubiquity.† In this sentence, the writer interjects the attribution into the midst of the quotation, which is standard procedure. However, the attribution should be delayed until a break between two clauses: â€Å"‘We knew that the company would eventually become a major competitor,’ Jones says, ‘but, without a relationship, we thought we were in danger of not achieving ubiquity.’† 4. Schools may be the last place,' Smith said, where the government is funding us to gather together into public forums to have conversations. We have got to protect that.† This sentence, like the previous example, suffers from premature attribution. Because there is no natural break in the sentence, the attribution should be inserted between the two sentences: â€Å"‘Schools may be the last place where the government is funding us to gather together into public forums to have conversations,’ Smith said. ‘We have got to protect that.’† 5. â€Å"In many ways, it’s like the cowboys against the Indians. But the cowboys are fully backed by the state, he said of the current situation. In this case, the attribution is delayed too long. In a quotation of two or more sentences, as in the previous example, place it between the first and second sentences: â€Å"‘In many ways, it’s like the cowboys against the Indians,’ he said of the current situation. ‘But the cowboys are fully backed by the state.’† (Note, too, how this arrangement strengthens the sentence because it ends with a serious punchline rather than a dry attribution.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingUsed To vs. Use ToCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Academic Integrity & Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Academic Integrity & Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism becomes unintentional when another human’s ideas as well as statements are portrayed without the aim of representing them as own statements and ideas and failing to properly credit the original source for the ideas and the statements. There is a lot of information available all over the internet and due to lack of restriction on copying and presenting someone else’s work as own has resulted in increased incidents of both accidental and intentional plagiarism. Individuals may even fall for the myth that since the information is so easily available and so widely used, it does not need to be credited to the original source or to the source from which the information has been obtained. Information can be available in various forms, it can be available in form of texts, pictures, print and audio form and all this information needs to be documented in a proper manner to ensure that one does not ends up being held responsible for the act of plagiarism. As stated earlier, there are two forms of plagiarism, the unintentional and the deliberate one. There is no way of avoiding the plagiarism which is deliberate one as it is conducted knowingly. Certain steps are available through which plagiarism which is accidental in nature can be avoided. If an individual is utilizing obtaining and using secondary source of information or information that is already available, an individual has to make sure that he/she uses proper documentation procedure in order to avoid causing plagiarism which is intentional in nature. If an individual utilizes statements directly from someone else’s work, the user of this information has an ethical duty of properly documenting the used statements with the assistance of quotation marks followed by in text citation to provide information regarding the source from which the information was obtained along with the page number of the source. On the other hand if an individual uses some one else’s†™

Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Western Civilization - Essay Example Karl Marx was known for his theories on the following: economic interest; class struggle; industrial capitalism, and; socialist society. According to Marx, it is economic interest which is the universal motivator and dictates political, religious and cultural trends. Everything will eventually end up in a class struggle between the haves and the have-nots. The former dictates how the state is run and what ideas circulate around society. On industrial capitalism, Marx believed that capitalists are locked in competition with one another, and newer and bigger machineries are being built everyday to outdo each other. Eventually, everything will spin out of control and the periodic crises and competition will diminish the bourgeoisie while the working class grows, who would then institute a revolt and take over all machineries of capitalism. This will result into a classless society and the abolition of the state and a totally free society. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814, conservatism became predominant in France, the German states, Italy, Russia, and Great Britain. In France, the successive rules of Louis XVIII and Charles X saw the predominance of conservative policies; the former imposing a mild militaristic style and the latter favoring the old aristocracy. In the German states, which included Austria and Prussia, conservative policies likewise prevailed.

How the Internet has changed my Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How the Internet has changed my Life - Essay Example 329). I, for a fact, had once never thought that in an instant I could have build friendships with people from different parts of the globe without even spending much money and without fearing that I might be rejected. The Internet has really changed my life and me to something I never thought it could be. Through Internet, I learned to communicate with other people; even with those, I was once afraid due to my cultural biases, which in turn has also drastically changed my negative views. I could say that this has broadened me almost in all ways. If before I only considered myself as an American citizen, now, I became a citizen of the world, because through the Internet, I was also exposed to world realities. Although it might be true that just like in the news, not everything written is true, still these provide me with a broader view of the bigger world where I live. It, in fact, helped me become analytical with events, driving me to search more until I could find explanations to information that I found confusing. This in the process aroused my hunger for truth and knowledge, which I believed helped me become wiser and sharper. Although I did also have some unpleasing experiences in the Interne t, these did not bother me at all, instead taught me how to be more responsible and careful in interacting through the

Analysis of Global Economic Growth

Analysis of Global Economic Growth World economic growth 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 World Economic Outlook: According to the World Bank, world economic growth accelerated sharply in 2004. In aggregate, the year 2004 has been the healthiest year for developing countries since the last three decades. East Asian countries have come out of the 1997 crisis and are now performing well. The ongoing economic boom in China as well as the surge in activities registered in Japan were major factors in promoting growth in the region. Latin American countries and Sub-Saharan Africa also had a better year. This performance reflects a fortuitous combination of long-term secular trends built on a foundation of better macroeconomic management and an improved domestic investment climate converging with a cyclical recovery of the global economy. There were however some lingering imbalances in the global economy associated with the rising twin deficits in the United States, a delayed recovery in Europe, coupled with high and volatile oil prices, and questions about the path of Chinas economy that might constitute risks to the pace of growth in developing countries over the medium term. Worlds economic growth is likely to slow down in 2005 with a projected rate of 3.2%. Several factors are likely to contribute to the slower growth. It is believed that the investment cycle in the US has peaked, therefore resulting in a slowdown in growth. Furthermore, world demand has far exceeded world supply, resulting in a substantial increase in oil and other commodity prices, therefore reducing demand in other countries. Also, increases in interest rates are likely to slow the investment growth. The US is likely to finance its large budget deficits through tighter fiscal policies and in Europe countries will tighten their budgetary control to remain within the realm of Maastricht limits. Table 1: World economic outlook Real Growth Rate (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005* World 1.7 2.7 4.0 3.2 High Income Countries 1.3 2.1 3.5 2.7 Euro Zone 0.9 0.5 1.8 2.1 USA 1.9 3.0 4.3 3.2 Japan -0.3 2.4 4.3 1.8 Developing Countries 3.4 5.2 6.1 5.4 East Asia and Pacific 6.7 7.9 7.8 7.1 Latin America and Caribbean -0.6 1.6 4.7 3.7 Sub Saharan Africa 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.6 *projected figures Source: Global Economic Prospects 2005, World Bank. 1.2 Mauritian Economic Outlook: Mauritian economic growth in 2004 was positive and stabilised at 4.2%, slightly lower than the 4.4% recorded in 2003. On the one hand, internal demand constituted an important dragging factor, with a 6.3% growth in consumption expenditure compared to 4.5% in 2003. On the other hand, lingering uncertainties linked to the wave of change in the international economic order, uninterrupted trade liberalisation and the gradual loss of our long-standing preferences had a dampening effect on growth. The recent run-up in oil prices was also a constraining factor on economic buoyancy. Business confidence appeared to be quite timid in 2004. However, in spite of an overall deceleration in the rate of investment, which grew by 5.5%, compared to 10.0% in 2003, private sector investment grew by a high 13.2% as opposed to a negative 2.2% in 2003. Moreover, international perception about Mauritius remained positive, and foreign investments in hotels and ICT projects were at a relatively high level. Despite the stable growth rate, several macroeconomic and sectoral performances were relatively unfavourable. Savings rate was lower, registering 23.3% of GDP in 2004 against 25.4% in 2003. Inflation rate was higher in 2004, reaching 5.5%, as opposed to 3.9% in 2003. Overall external trade worsened, from a surplus of Rs. 2 billion in 2003 to a deficit on Rs. 3.9 billion in 2004, as a result of a very large increase in the merchandise trade deficit, from Rs. 8.4 billion to Rs. 15.7 billion. On a sectoral basis, industries were faced with a restricted margin of manoeuvre as a result of increasing international competition from lower-cost producers. Repercussions were felt in the EPZ sector, which registered a negative growth rate of 5% in 2004, following the deceleration of 6% in 2003. The tourism sector, in spite of its apparent dynamism, recorded a growth rate of only 2.6%, compared to 3.0% in 2003. Financial services experienced some inertia, with a low expansion of 1.0%, compared to a high 7.2% in 2004. However, the agricultural sector expanded by 5.1% in 2004, in contrast to the low 1.9% recorded in 2003 and the non-EPZ sector grew by 5.0% in spite of the gradual reduction of tariff protection. 2.0 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE FOR 2004 2.1 National Accounts: Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by a moderate 4.2% in 2004, compared to 4.4% in 2003. At current basic prices, GDP increased from Rs. 137.9 billion in 2003 to Rs. 151.7 billion. GDP per capita at current basic prices increased by 10.1%, to attain Rs. 122,984 in 2004. In US dollar terms, GDP per capita reached US$ 4,477, 11.7% higher than the previous year, when it reached US$4,010. It is worth noting also that at Purchasing Power Parity, GDP per capita in dollars was estimated at US$ 11,400 in 2003. For the second consecutive year, net income from the rest of the world was negative, with Rs. – 415 million in 2004, compared to Rs. – 833 million in 2003. Table 2: Output at current basic prices: Unit 2001 2002 2003 2004 Real GDP growth rate % +5.6 +1.8 +4.4 +4.2 GDP Rs. Million 117,720 125,260 137,868 151,725 Net income from abroad Rs. Million 393 396 833 415 GNI Rs. Million 118,113 125,656 137,035 151,310 GDP/capita Rs. 98,086 103,479 112,720 122,984 US$ US$ (PPP)* 3,380.9 9,609 3,462.2 10,810 4,010.0 11,400 4,477.4 n/a Exchange Rate, annual av. mid-rate Rs/$ 29.012 29.888 28.11 27.468 * GDP at Purchasing Power Parity provides a more reasonable international GDP comparison among nations.Source: CIA Fact Book 2004 While the EPZ sector continued to register negative growth rates for the third consecutive year, almost all other sectors recorded positive growth rates in 2004.   Non-EPZ grew by +5.0% in 2004, slightly lower than in 2003, when the growth rate was +5.8%. After high growth rates registered in 2002 (+7.6%) and 2003 (+11.1%) mainly due to high investment in building and construction works by the public sector, Construction grew by 3.1% in 2004. The distributive trade sector grew by 3.2%, slightly higher than the 3.1% recorded in the previous year. Transport and Communications activities expanded by 6.5% in 2004 as opposed to 6.1% in 2003. During the same period real estate, renting and business activities grew by 6.9% compared to 6.5% in 2003. Education, including services provided by public and private operators grew by 7.2% in 2004, compared to 5.3% in 2003, while health and social work expanded by 8.8% compared to 7.0% in 2003. Electricity, gas and water supply registered a growth of 4.2% as opposed to 4.6% in 2003. 2.2 Consumption Last years economic performance was once again influenced by internal demand. Total final contribution of consumption to GDP at market price was estimated at 77.3%, compared to 75.1% in 2003. Real final consumption expenditure, increased by 6.3% in 2004, compared to a 4.5% rise in 2003. This expansion in the consumption rate, which is much higher than the GDP growth rate, is clearly inflationary and has a negative direct impact on trade balance and budget deficit. It must be noted that private consumption represented 83.1% of total consumption in 2004, as opposed to 82.8% in 2003. A growth of 6.7% was observed in the consumption of households in 2004, against 4.9% in 2003. This is the highest growth rate recorded since 1989. On the other hand, the share of public sector consumption amounted to 16.9% of total consumption in 2004, showing a slight drop from the 17.2% observed in 2003. Public consumption grew by 4.4% compared to an increase of 2.6% in 2003. In 2004, the continued growth observed in total consumption has been largely sustained by the significant increase in average monthly income earnings of households. The average monthly earnings in large establishments grew by 12.8% between March 2003 and March 2004, to reach Rs. 11, 084. A general upward trend was observed in all industrial groups. The largest increase (+24%) was noted in public administration, following the implementation of the PRB in July 2004. Table 3: Consumption 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aggregate Final Consumption Household Central Government Rs b Rs. b Rs. b 97.0 80.2 16.8 106.6 88.3 18.3 118.3 98.1 20.2 135.1 112.2 22.9 Consumption as a % of GDP at MP % 73.4 75.0 75.1 77.3 Real Agg. Final Consumption growth o Household o Central Government % % % 3.3 3.0 4.7 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.5 4.9 2.6 6.3 6.7 4.4 Average monthly earnings (March) Rs. 8,701 9,159 9,826 11,084 Change in monthly earnings, Nominal % 6.4 5.3 7.3 12.8 2.3 Savings Investment Gross national savings, measured by the difference between Gross National Disposable Income and Total Consumption, increased in nominal terms by 1.8% to reach Rs 40.7 billion in 2004 from Rs 40.0 billion in 2003. Consequently, the saving rate, calculated as the ratio of GNS to GDP at market prices, showed a decline from 25.4% in 2003 to 23.3% in 2004. This decline results from an increase in both public and private expenditure. Table 4: Savings and investment 2001 2002 2003 2004 Gross National Savings (Rs. Billion) 37.6 38.7 40.0 40.7 Nominal Change (%) +2.8 +3.4 +1.8 GNS as a % of GDP at MP (%) 28.4 27.3 25.4 23.3 GDFCF (Rs. billion) Private Sector Public Sector 29.8 20.5 9.3 31.4 21.6 9.8 35.7 21.8 13.8 38.9 25.6 13.4 Real Change in GDFCF (incl aircrafts and vessels) , % +2.7 +1.9 +10.0 +5.5 Real Change in GDFCF (Excl. aircraft and vessels), % -2.6 +6.1 +7.9 +8.2 GDFCF as a % of GDP at MP 22.5 22.0 22.6 22.3 Investment, measured by the Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation (GDFCF), increased to Rs 38.9 billion in 2004 from Rs 35.7 billion in 2003. In real terms, including the purchase of aircrafts and marine vessels, total investment has followed an upward trend of 5.5% in 2004, but lower than the 10.0% growth recorded in 2003. It is interesting to note that net of the purchase of aircrafts and vessels, real investment grew by 8.2% in 2004, representing a better performance than in 2003, when it grew by 7.9%. Investment rate, measured as the ratio of GDFCF to GDP at market prices, has however gone down by 0.3%, to reach 22.3% in 2004 from 22.6% in 2003. Private sector investment continued to make up the bulk of GDFCF in 2004. It accounted for 65.6% of total investment in 2004, compared to 61.2% in 2003. This represented a real growth of 13.2% in 2004, after a negative growth rate of -2.2% in 2003. Higher private sector investment was accounted for by new hotels projects, where investment increased by 55.8% in 2004, as opposed to a negative growth of 21.8% in the preceding year. Moreover, there were additional investments in spinning mills and other projects in the EPZ sector, with an increase of 45.0% in 2004 as opposed to a negative 7.7% in 2003.Inversely, the share of public sector investment fell from 38.8% in 2003 to 34.4% in real terms in 2004. In fact, real public sector investment dropped by 6.6% in 2004, after a high 37.0% real growth in 2003, resulting from a record increase of 133.3% in investment in the construction sector in 2003. The resource gap, given by the difference between savings and investment, was again positive in 2004. However, there has been a significant contraction of 59.7%, from Rs. 4.3 billion in 2003 to reach Rs 1.7 billion in 2004, since investment increased more than savings. The direct consequence of this contraction is a further deterioration of the external account of goods and services. 2.4 Foreign Direct Investment In 2004, FDI inflow fell by 8.6% to reach Rs 1.79 billion against Rs 1.96 billion in 2003. A sharp contraction was observed in the banking sector, where only Rs. 121 million were invested in 2004, as opposed to a high Rs. 1.3 billion in 2003. In contrast, higher investments were recorded in the telecommunications sector in the wake of further liberalisation. Similarly, a total of Rs. 1.08 billion were invested in 2004 in other sectors of the economy, including IT, compared to only Rs. 485 million in 2003. The EPZ sector also attracted more FDI in 2004, with Rs. 248 million, compared to Rs. 77 million in 2003. The same upward trend was observed in the tourism sector, from Rs. 103 million in 2003 to Rs. 121 million in 2004. Table 5: Foreign Investment, Rs million 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Foreign Direct Investment 7,265* 936 979 1966 1,796 EPZ 8 3 41 77 248 Tourism 10 0 100 103 121 Banking 0 600 316 1301 310 Telecoms 7204 0 0 0 38 Others 43 333 522 485 1079 Direct Investment Abroad 333 83 278 1166 909 Net Foreign Direct Investment 6,932 853 701 800 887 * Includes receipts from the sales of Mauritius Telecom shares to France Telecom of Rs 7.2 billion 1 Revised Estimates Concerning outward investment, a high figure of Rs. 1.2 billion was recorded in 2003. However, in 2004, it fell to Rs. 887 million. 2.5   Balance of Payments The overall balance of payments in 2004, measured as a change in foreign reserve assets excluding valuation changes of the Bank of Mauritius, showed a surplus of Rs. 4.2 billion, compared to a surplus of Rs. 6.2 billion in the preceding year. In the first three quarters of 2004, the current account recorded a deficit of Rs. 2.3 billion, compared to a surplus of Rs. 1.8 billion in the corresponding period in 2003, reflecting a deterioration in the visible trade account. The balance of trade worsened from a surplus of Rs. 988 million in the first three quarters of 2003 to a deficit of Rs. 3.0 billion in the corresponding period of 2004. The capital and financial account, inclusive of reserves, recorded a net outflow of Rs. 163 million in the first three quarters of 2004 as opposed to a net outflow of Rs. 1.6 billion in the same period in 2003. At the end of December 2004, Net International Reserves amounted to Rs. 52.8 billion, 8% higher than in December 2003, when it reached Rs. 48.9 billion. Based on the value of the import bill, exclusive of the purchase of aircrafts and vessels, the level of net international reserves represented 39.6 weeks on imports at the end of December 2004. For the corresponding figure in 2003, it represented 36.6 weeks of imports. 2.6 External Trade Table 6: External Trade, Rs Billion 2001 2002 2003 2004 Trade in goods: Exports of goods – excl freeport activities (f.o.b) 47.5 47.3 46.2 48.9 Export of goods – freeport activities 7.3 6.6 6.8 6.8 Imports of goods – excl freeport activities (f.o.b) 53.8 56.0 57.5 67.6 Imports of goods – Freeport activities 5.2 4.2 3.9 3.8 Merchandise trade balance* 4.2 6.3 8.4 15.7 Trade in services Exports of services 35.6 34.4 35.7 39.8 Imports of services 23.6 23.7 25.3 30.0 Balance of trade in services 12.0 10.7 10.4 11.8 Overall trade balance 7.8 4.3 2.0 3.9 * Both Exports and imports are calculated on an f.o.b basis The overall balance of trade in goods and services marked a significant deterioration in 2004. In fact, there was a shift from a trade surplus of Rs. 2 billion in 2003 to a trade deficit of Rs. 3.9 billion in 2004. There was a sharp increase in the deficit in visible trade, which worsened by 87.1% in 2004. Trade in goods was largely biased against imports, therefore resulting in a faster growth in imports, which soared by 14.6% compared to a low 3.3% in 2003. Exports however grew at 7.6% in 2004 as opposed a meagre 0.5% in the preceding year.   On the other hand, trade in services fared well, registering a surplus of Rs. 11.8 billion in 2004, representing 13.5% more than in the previous year. Much of the increase in merchandise imports in 2004 was associated with investment projects, both in the public and private sector. For instance, appreciable increases were noted in the c.i.f value of cement (+57.6%), machinery and transport equipment (+25.9%), crude materials including textile fibres (+46.2%), and telecommunications equipment (+80.3%). Others are linked to an increasing food bill, with surge in the c.i.f value of food items (+14.9%) and of road vehicles (+53.1%). In fact, it is worth noting that in the fourth quarter of 2004, additional projects and events continued to contribute to boost the import bill. There were also new investment projects in EPZ and in energy production and the significant rise in the international price of petroleum products. Finally, the appreciation of the Rand (+13.2%), the Pound Sterling (+9.1%), the Australian Dollar (+9.2%) and the Euro (+7.1%) also contributed to the escalating visible trade deficit. Box: 1 Exports lack dynamics: Although the Mauritian rupee continued to depreciate against major currencies, including the Euro, exports growth remained relatively static over the past few years. A combination of factors resulted in such a situation. Our markets remained relatively undiversified, with a high concentration in Europe. In the past few years, especially since the advent of the Euro in 2000, the Euro Zone has been relatively less dynamic than other countries like China and the US. Our exports to the most dynamic zones have remained however low. Some of the factors responsible for this lack of dynamism include erosion of our long-standing preferences, rising costs of production and the mismatch of skills on the labour market. Trade in services on the other hand, recorded a surplus of Rs. 11.8 billion, 13.5% higher than in the previous year. This is in part, due to higher earnings from the travel industry benefiting from the windfall gains of a strong euro and a strong pound sterling. Exports of services surged by 11.4% in 2004, from Rs. 35.7 billion in 2003 to Rs. 39.8 billion in 2004, whereas there was a 10.6% increase in the imports of services during the same period of time, from Rs. 25.3 billion to Rs. 30.0 billion. 2.7 Inflation Table 7: Inflation Rate, % Calendar Yr Inflation rate (%) Fiscal Yr Inflation rate (%) 2001 5.4 01/02 6.3 2002 6.4 02/03 5.1 2003 3.9 03/04 3.9 2004 4.7 04/05 5.5 The inflation rate, as measured by the percentage change in the yearly average consumer price index reached 4.7% for calendar year 2004 compared to 3.9% in 2003.   This was mainly the result of a combination of domestic and external factors. There were significant increases in the price of subsidised flour (+17%) and rice (+40%). The rise in the price of flour led to an increase in the price of bread by 12%. The price of other food items, such as chicken (+8.8%), fish (+8.5%) , beef (+9.7%), and frozen mutton (+15.2%)   also went up in 2004. In addition, the rise in international oil prices had spill over effects on the domestic economy. There were three successive increases in the price of gasoline and diesel oil. The price of gasoline increased by a total of 27.9% and the price of diesel oil rose by 45.0%, therefore causing subsequent surges in electricity tariffs (+5.1%), bus fares (+13.3%), taxi fares (+15.4%) and air fares (+16.0%). Finally, the prevailing high budget deficit and the sustained level of public investment also contributed to inflationary pressures. 2.8 Employment/ Unemployment Until 2003, labour force statistics were estimated on the basis of the Population census or Labour Force Sample Survey. A new methodology, named the Continuous Multi Purpose Household Survey   (CMPHS) was introduced in March 2004 to estimate the labour force, employment and unemployment rate. It is based on a sample of households that presently covers a total 8,640 households for the whole of 2004. Estimates are conducted on a quarterly basis, on 2,160 households per quarter. In the new CMPHS, the lower age cut-off point to estimate the labour force was brought to 15 years instead of 12 years used previously. A few inconsistencies with regard to the results of the survey have been noted, which probably indicate some weaknesses in the new methodology. The table below gives the estimated figures for the 3 quarters of 2004: Table 8: March 2004 – Estimates June 2004 – Estimates September 2004 – Estimates Labour force Male Female 541,100 348,700 192,400 540,700 347,500 193,200 527,800 349,400 178,400 Employment Male Female 494,100 328,400 165,700 491,200 324,600 166,600 483,500 329,800 153,700 Unemployment Male Female 47,000 20,300 26,700 49,500 22,900 26,600 44,300 19,600 24,700 Unemployment Rate (%) 8.7 9.2 8.4 Contrary to what one would logically expect, the CMPHS estimates indicate a downward trend in the labour force over the three quarters. From March to June, there was a fall of 400 people in the labour force. However, a larger fall was observed, with a contraction of 12,900 jobs from June to September Analysis of Global Economic Growth Analysis of Global Economic Growth World economic growth 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 World Economic Outlook: According to the World Bank, world economic growth accelerated sharply in 2004. In aggregate, the year 2004 has been the healthiest year for developing countries since the last three decades. East Asian countries have come out of the 1997 crisis and are now performing well. The ongoing economic boom in China as well as the surge in activities registered in Japan were major factors in promoting growth in the region. Latin American countries and Sub-Saharan Africa also had a better year. This performance reflects a fortuitous combination of long-term secular trends built on a foundation of better macroeconomic management and an improved domestic investment climate converging with a cyclical recovery of the global economy. There were however some lingering imbalances in the global economy associated with the rising twin deficits in the United States, a delayed recovery in Europe, coupled with high and volatile oil prices, and questions about the path of Chinas economy that might constitute risks to the pace of growth in developing countries over the medium term. Worlds economic growth is likely to slow down in 2005 with a projected rate of 3.2%. Several factors are likely to contribute to the slower growth. It is believed that the investment cycle in the US has peaked, therefore resulting in a slowdown in growth. Furthermore, world demand has far exceeded world supply, resulting in a substantial increase in oil and other commodity prices, therefore reducing demand in other countries. Also, increases in interest rates are likely to slow the investment growth. The US is likely to finance its large budget deficits through tighter fiscal policies and in Europe countries will tighten their budgetary control to remain within the realm of Maastricht limits. Table 1: World economic outlook Real Growth Rate (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005* World 1.7 2.7 4.0 3.2 High Income Countries 1.3 2.1 3.5 2.7 Euro Zone 0.9 0.5 1.8 2.1 USA 1.9 3.0 4.3 3.2 Japan -0.3 2.4 4.3 1.8 Developing Countries 3.4 5.2 6.1 5.4 East Asia and Pacific 6.7 7.9 7.8 7.1 Latin America and Caribbean -0.6 1.6 4.7 3.7 Sub Saharan Africa 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.6 *projected figures Source: Global Economic Prospects 2005, World Bank. 1.2 Mauritian Economic Outlook: Mauritian economic growth in 2004 was positive and stabilised at 4.2%, slightly lower than the 4.4% recorded in 2003. On the one hand, internal demand constituted an important dragging factor, with a 6.3% growth in consumption expenditure compared to 4.5% in 2003. On the other hand, lingering uncertainties linked to the wave of change in the international economic order, uninterrupted trade liberalisation and the gradual loss of our long-standing preferences had a dampening effect on growth. The recent run-up in oil prices was also a constraining factor on economic buoyancy. Business confidence appeared to be quite timid in 2004. However, in spite of an overall deceleration in the rate of investment, which grew by 5.5%, compared to 10.0% in 2003, private sector investment grew by a high 13.2% as opposed to a negative 2.2% in 2003. Moreover, international perception about Mauritius remained positive, and foreign investments in hotels and ICT projects were at a relatively high level. Despite the stable growth rate, several macroeconomic and sectoral performances were relatively unfavourable. Savings rate was lower, registering 23.3% of GDP in 2004 against 25.4% in 2003. Inflation rate was higher in 2004, reaching 5.5%, as opposed to 3.9% in 2003. Overall external trade worsened, from a surplus of Rs. 2 billion in 2003 to a deficit on Rs. 3.9 billion in 2004, as a result of a very large increase in the merchandise trade deficit, from Rs. 8.4 billion to Rs. 15.7 billion. On a sectoral basis, industries were faced with a restricted margin of manoeuvre as a result of increasing international competition from lower-cost producers. Repercussions were felt in the EPZ sector, which registered a negative growth rate of 5% in 2004, following the deceleration of 6% in 2003. The tourism sector, in spite of its apparent dynamism, recorded a growth rate of only 2.6%, compared to 3.0% in 2003. Financial services experienced some inertia, with a low expansion of 1.0%, compared to a high 7.2% in 2004. However, the agricultural sector expanded by 5.1% in 2004, in contrast to the low 1.9% recorded in 2003 and the non-EPZ sector grew by 5.0% in spite of the gradual reduction of tariff protection. 2.0 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE FOR 2004 2.1 National Accounts: Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by a moderate 4.2% in 2004, compared to 4.4% in 2003. At current basic prices, GDP increased from Rs. 137.9 billion in 2003 to Rs. 151.7 billion. GDP per capita at current basic prices increased by 10.1%, to attain Rs. 122,984 in 2004. In US dollar terms, GDP per capita reached US$ 4,477, 11.7% higher than the previous year, when it reached US$4,010. It is worth noting also that at Purchasing Power Parity, GDP per capita in dollars was estimated at US$ 11,400 in 2003. For the second consecutive year, net income from the rest of the world was negative, with Rs. – 415 million in 2004, compared to Rs. – 833 million in 2003. Table 2: Output at current basic prices: Unit 2001 2002 2003 2004 Real GDP growth rate % +5.6 +1.8 +4.4 +4.2 GDP Rs. Million 117,720 125,260 137,868 151,725 Net income from abroad Rs. Million 393 396 833 415 GNI Rs. Million 118,113 125,656 137,035 151,310 GDP/capita Rs. 98,086 103,479 112,720 122,984 US$ US$ (PPP)* 3,380.9 9,609 3,462.2 10,810 4,010.0 11,400 4,477.4 n/a Exchange Rate, annual av. mid-rate Rs/$ 29.012 29.888 28.11 27.468 * GDP at Purchasing Power Parity provides a more reasonable international GDP comparison among nations.Source: CIA Fact Book 2004 While the EPZ sector continued to register negative growth rates for the third consecutive year, almost all other sectors recorded positive growth rates in 2004.   Non-EPZ grew by +5.0% in 2004, slightly lower than in 2003, when the growth rate was +5.8%. After high growth rates registered in 2002 (+7.6%) and 2003 (+11.1%) mainly due to high investment in building and construction works by the public sector, Construction grew by 3.1% in 2004. The distributive trade sector grew by 3.2%, slightly higher than the 3.1% recorded in the previous year. Transport and Communications activities expanded by 6.5% in 2004 as opposed to 6.1% in 2003. During the same period real estate, renting and business activities grew by 6.9% compared to 6.5% in 2003. Education, including services provided by public and private operators grew by 7.2% in 2004, compared to 5.3% in 2003, while health and social work expanded by 8.8% compared to 7.0% in 2003. Electricity, gas and water supply registered a growth of 4.2% as opposed to 4.6% in 2003. 2.2 Consumption Last years economic performance was once again influenced by internal demand. Total final contribution of consumption to GDP at market price was estimated at 77.3%, compared to 75.1% in 2003. Real final consumption expenditure, increased by 6.3% in 2004, compared to a 4.5% rise in 2003. This expansion in the consumption rate, which is much higher than the GDP growth rate, is clearly inflationary and has a negative direct impact on trade balance and budget deficit. It must be noted that private consumption represented 83.1% of total consumption in 2004, as opposed to 82.8% in 2003. A growth of 6.7% was observed in the consumption of households in 2004, against 4.9% in 2003. This is the highest growth rate recorded since 1989. On the other hand, the share of public sector consumption amounted to 16.9% of total consumption in 2004, showing a slight drop from the 17.2% observed in 2003. Public consumption grew by 4.4% compared to an increase of 2.6% in 2003. In 2004, the continued growth observed in total consumption has been largely sustained by the significant increase in average monthly income earnings of households. The average monthly earnings in large establishments grew by 12.8% between March 2003 and March 2004, to reach Rs. 11, 084. A general upward trend was observed in all industrial groups. The largest increase (+24%) was noted in public administration, following the implementation of the PRB in July 2004. Table 3: Consumption 2001 2002 2003 2004 Aggregate Final Consumption Household Central Government Rs b Rs. b Rs. b 97.0 80.2 16.8 106.6 88.3 18.3 118.3 98.1 20.2 135.1 112.2 22.9 Consumption as a % of GDP at MP % 73.4 75.0 75.1 77.3 Real Agg. Final Consumption growth o Household o Central Government % % % 3.3 3.0 4.7 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.5 4.9 2.6 6.3 6.7 4.4 Average monthly earnings (March) Rs. 8,701 9,159 9,826 11,084 Change in monthly earnings, Nominal % 6.4 5.3 7.3 12.8 2.3 Savings Investment Gross national savings, measured by the difference between Gross National Disposable Income and Total Consumption, increased in nominal terms by 1.8% to reach Rs 40.7 billion in 2004 from Rs 40.0 billion in 2003. Consequently, the saving rate, calculated as the ratio of GNS to GDP at market prices, showed a decline from 25.4% in 2003 to 23.3% in 2004. This decline results from an increase in both public and private expenditure. Table 4: Savings and investment 2001 2002 2003 2004 Gross National Savings (Rs. Billion) 37.6 38.7 40.0 40.7 Nominal Change (%) +2.8 +3.4 +1.8 GNS as a % of GDP at MP (%) 28.4 27.3 25.4 23.3 GDFCF (Rs. billion) Private Sector Public Sector 29.8 20.5 9.3 31.4 21.6 9.8 35.7 21.8 13.8 38.9 25.6 13.4 Real Change in GDFCF (incl aircrafts and vessels) , % +2.7 +1.9 +10.0 +5.5 Real Change in GDFCF (Excl. aircraft and vessels), % -2.6 +6.1 +7.9 +8.2 GDFCF as a % of GDP at MP 22.5 22.0 22.6 22.3 Investment, measured by the Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation (GDFCF), increased to Rs 38.9 billion in 2004 from Rs 35.7 billion in 2003. In real terms, including the purchase of aircrafts and marine vessels, total investment has followed an upward trend of 5.5% in 2004, but lower than the 10.0% growth recorded in 2003. It is interesting to note that net of the purchase of aircrafts and vessels, real investment grew by 8.2% in 2004, representing a better performance than in 2003, when it grew by 7.9%. Investment rate, measured as the ratio of GDFCF to GDP at market prices, has however gone down by 0.3%, to reach 22.3% in 2004 from 22.6% in 2003. Private sector investment continued to make up the bulk of GDFCF in 2004. It accounted for 65.6% of total investment in 2004, compared to 61.2% in 2003. This represented a real growth of 13.2% in 2004, after a negative growth rate of -2.2% in 2003. Higher private sector investment was accounted for by new hotels projects, where investment increased by 55.8% in 2004, as opposed to a negative growth of 21.8% in the preceding year. Moreover, there were additional investments in spinning mills and other projects in the EPZ sector, with an increase of 45.0% in 2004 as opposed to a negative 7.7% in 2003.Inversely, the share of public sector investment fell from 38.8% in 2003 to 34.4% in real terms in 2004. In fact, real public sector investment dropped by 6.6% in 2004, after a high 37.0% real growth in 2003, resulting from a record increase of 133.3% in investment in the construction sector in 2003. The resource gap, given by the difference between savings and investment, was again positive in 2004. However, there has been a significant contraction of 59.7%, from Rs. 4.3 billion in 2003 to reach Rs 1.7 billion in 2004, since investment increased more than savings. The direct consequence of this contraction is a further deterioration of the external account of goods and services. 2.4 Foreign Direct Investment In 2004, FDI inflow fell by 8.6% to reach Rs 1.79 billion against Rs 1.96 billion in 2003. A sharp contraction was observed in the banking sector, where only Rs. 121 million were invested in 2004, as opposed to a high Rs. 1.3 billion in 2003. In contrast, higher investments were recorded in the telecommunications sector in the wake of further liberalisation. Similarly, a total of Rs. 1.08 billion were invested in 2004 in other sectors of the economy, including IT, compared to only Rs. 485 million in 2003. The EPZ sector also attracted more FDI in 2004, with Rs. 248 million, compared to Rs. 77 million in 2003. The same upward trend was observed in the tourism sector, from Rs. 103 million in 2003 to Rs. 121 million in 2004. Table 5: Foreign Investment, Rs million 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Foreign Direct Investment 7,265* 936 979 1966 1,796 EPZ 8 3 41 77 248 Tourism 10 0 100 103 121 Banking 0 600 316 1301 310 Telecoms 7204 0 0 0 38 Others 43 333 522 485 1079 Direct Investment Abroad 333 83 278 1166 909 Net Foreign Direct Investment 6,932 853 701 800 887 * Includes receipts from the sales of Mauritius Telecom shares to France Telecom of Rs 7.2 billion 1 Revised Estimates Concerning outward investment, a high figure of Rs. 1.2 billion was recorded in 2003. However, in 2004, it fell to Rs. 887 million. 2.5   Balance of Payments The overall balance of payments in 2004, measured as a change in foreign reserve assets excluding valuation changes of the Bank of Mauritius, showed a surplus of Rs. 4.2 billion, compared to a surplus of Rs. 6.2 billion in the preceding year. In the first three quarters of 2004, the current account recorded a deficit of Rs. 2.3 billion, compared to a surplus of Rs. 1.8 billion in the corresponding period in 2003, reflecting a deterioration in the visible trade account. The balance of trade worsened from a surplus of Rs. 988 million in the first three quarters of 2003 to a deficit of Rs. 3.0 billion in the corresponding period of 2004. The capital and financial account, inclusive of reserves, recorded a net outflow of Rs. 163 million in the first three quarters of 2004 as opposed to a net outflow of Rs. 1.6 billion in the same period in 2003. At the end of December 2004, Net International Reserves amounted to Rs. 52.8 billion, 8% higher than in December 2003, when it reached Rs. 48.9 billion. Based on the value of the import bill, exclusive of the purchase of aircrafts and vessels, the level of net international reserves represented 39.6 weeks on imports at the end of December 2004. For the corresponding figure in 2003, it represented 36.6 weeks of imports. 2.6 External Trade Table 6: External Trade, Rs Billion 2001 2002 2003 2004 Trade in goods: Exports of goods – excl freeport activities (f.o.b) 47.5 47.3 46.2 48.9 Export of goods – freeport activities 7.3 6.6 6.8 6.8 Imports of goods – excl freeport activities (f.o.b) 53.8 56.0 57.5 67.6 Imports of goods – Freeport activities 5.2 4.2 3.9 3.8 Merchandise trade balance* 4.2 6.3 8.4 15.7 Trade in services Exports of services 35.6 34.4 35.7 39.8 Imports of services 23.6 23.7 25.3 30.0 Balance of trade in services 12.0 10.7 10.4 11.8 Overall trade balance 7.8 4.3 2.0 3.9 * Both Exports and imports are calculated on an f.o.b basis The overall balance of trade in goods and services marked a significant deterioration in 2004. In fact, there was a shift from a trade surplus of Rs. 2 billion in 2003 to a trade deficit of Rs. 3.9 billion in 2004. There was a sharp increase in the deficit in visible trade, which worsened by 87.1% in 2004. Trade in goods was largely biased against imports, therefore resulting in a faster growth in imports, which soared by 14.6% compared to a low 3.3% in 2003. Exports however grew at 7.6% in 2004 as opposed a meagre 0.5% in the preceding year.   On the other hand, trade in services fared well, registering a surplus of Rs. 11.8 billion in 2004, representing 13.5% more than in the previous year. Much of the increase in merchandise imports in 2004 was associated with investment projects, both in the public and private sector. For instance, appreciable increases were noted in the c.i.f value of cement (+57.6%), machinery and transport equipment (+25.9%), crude materials including textile fibres (+46.2%), and telecommunications equipment (+80.3%). Others are linked to an increasing food bill, with surge in the c.i.f value of food items (+14.9%) and of road vehicles (+53.1%). In fact, it is worth noting that in the fourth quarter of 2004, additional projects and events continued to contribute to boost the import bill. There were also new investment projects in EPZ and in energy production and the significant rise in the international price of petroleum products. Finally, the appreciation of the Rand (+13.2%), the Pound Sterling (+9.1%), the Australian Dollar (+9.2%) and the Euro (+7.1%) also contributed to the escalating visible trade deficit. Box: 1 Exports lack dynamics: Although the Mauritian rupee continued to depreciate against major currencies, including the Euro, exports growth remained relatively static over the past few years. A combination of factors resulted in such a situation. Our markets remained relatively undiversified, with a high concentration in Europe. In the past few years, especially since the advent of the Euro in 2000, the Euro Zone has been relatively less dynamic than other countries like China and the US. Our exports to the most dynamic zones have remained however low. Some of the factors responsible for this lack of dynamism include erosion of our long-standing preferences, rising costs of production and the mismatch of skills on the labour market. Trade in services on the other hand, recorded a surplus of Rs. 11.8 billion, 13.5% higher than in the previous year. This is in part, due to higher earnings from the travel industry benefiting from the windfall gains of a strong euro and a strong pound sterling. Exports of services surged by 11.4% in 2004, from Rs. 35.7 billion in 2003 to Rs. 39.8 billion in 2004, whereas there was a 10.6% increase in the imports of services during the same period of time, from Rs. 25.3 billion to Rs. 30.0 billion. 2.7 Inflation Table 7: Inflation Rate, % Calendar Yr Inflation rate (%) Fiscal Yr Inflation rate (%) 2001 5.4 01/02 6.3 2002 6.4 02/03 5.1 2003 3.9 03/04 3.9 2004 4.7 04/05 5.5 The inflation rate, as measured by the percentage change in the yearly average consumer price index reached 4.7% for calendar year 2004 compared to 3.9% in 2003.   This was mainly the result of a combination of domestic and external factors. There were significant increases in the price of subsidised flour (+17%) and rice (+40%). The rise in the price of flour led to an increase in the price of bread by 12%. The price of other food items, such as chicken (+8.8%), fish (+8.5%) , beef (+9.7%), and frozen mutton (+15.2%)   also went up in 2004. In addition, the rise in international oil prices had spill over effects on the domestic economy. There were three successive increases in the price of gasoline and diesel oil. The price of gasoline increased by a total of 27.9% and the price of diesel oil rose by 45.0%, therefore causing subsequent surges in electricity tariffs (+5.1%), bus fares (+13.3%), taxi fares (+15.4%) and air fares (+16.0%). Finally, the prevailing high budget deficit and the sustained level of public investment also contributed to inflationary pressures. 2.8 Employment/ Unemployment Until 2003, labour force statistics were estimated on the basis of the Population census or Labour Force Sample Survey. A new methodology, named the Continuous Multi Purpose Household Survey   (CMPHS) was introduced in March 2004 to estimate the labour force, employment and unemployment rate. It is based on a sample of households that presently covers a total 8,640 households for the whole of 2004. Estimates are conducted on a quarterly basis, on 2,160 households per quarter. In the new CMPHS, the lower age cut-off point to estimate the labour force was brought to 15 years instead of 12 years used previously. A few inconsistencies with regard to the results of the survey have been noted, which probably indicate some weaknesses in the new methodology. The table below gives the estimated figures for the 3 quarters of 2004: Table 8: March 2004 – Estimates June 2004 – Estimates September 2004 – Estimates Labour force Male Female 541,100 348,700 192,400 540,700 347,500 193,200 527,800 349,400 178,400 Employment Male Female 494,100 328,400 165,700 491,200 324,600 166,600 483,500 329,800 153,700 Unemployment Male Female 47,000 20,300 26,700 49,500 22,900 26,600 44,300 19,600 24,700 Unemployment Rate (%) 8.7 9.2 8.4 Contrary to what one would logically expect, the CMPHS estimates indicate a downward trend in the labour force over the three quarters. From March to June, there was a fall of 400 people in the labour force. However, a larger fall was observed, with a contraction of 12,900 jobs from June to September

Capital Punishment Essay: Criminals Can Think Twice or Die Once

Capital punishment has been in effect since the 1600's (Cole 451). However, in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which was unconstitutional according to the Eighth amendment. It was public opinion that the current methods of execution, hanging, electrocution, and facing a firing squad, were too slow and painful upon the person to be executed (Cole 451). The U.S. Supreme Court reversed this decision when a "cleaner" way to bring about death was found in 1976. This "cleaner" way is death by lethal injection, which is quick and painless if administered right (Cole 450). Since capital punishment has been reinstituted many people have argued for and against capital punishment. Some say the death penalty is what the criminal deserves while others object to it because death is irreversible. I feel the death penalty is a good form of justice because only about 250 people a year get the death penalty and they are guilty beyond a doubt a nd don't deserve living with the possibility of parole. The sentencing judge or jury are ordered by the Supreme Court to look for "specific aggravating and mitigating factors in deciding which convicted murderers should be sentenced to death" (Cole 451). Some of these mitigating factors are the defendant's motivation, character, personal history, and most of all remorse (Costanzo). Every year approximately 250 new offenders are added to death row. In 1994 there were 2,850 persons awaiting execution. Yet no more than thirty-eight people have been executed a year since 1976. This is a ridiculously low number compared to 199 persons executed in 1935 (all from Cole 451). The reason for this slow execution rate is the process of appeals, from sentencin... ... is a punishment that will remain active for a long time in the future, even with all the criticism. It is an ancient way of dealing with extremely serious offences that plague our country today. Hopefully the appeals process will be shortened, but remain effective, so more criminals can be executed, making prospective criminals think twice. Works Cited Bailey, William C., "Murder, Capital Punishment, and Deterrence" 1994. Journal of Social Issues. Cole, George F., The American System fo Criminal Justice 1995, New York. Costanzo, Mark "Attorney Persuasion in the Capital Penalty Phase" 1994. Journal of Social Issues. Death Penalty Discussion, Sept. 12, 1994. Search on Turbogopher under "Execution". Death Penalty, May 12, 1994. American Civil Liberties Union. Search on Turbogopher under "Execution". The Electric Chair, Aug 13, 1993.

Parenting In Pride and Prejudice Essay

The novel Pride and Prejudice involves many topics and symbolizes different aspects of life and behavior of people. In this essay I am going to analyze and discuss the theme of parenthood. I will only comment on the characters that are parents or come over as parents, namely, Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Gardiner, Mrs. Gardiner and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. The last character mentioned may not come over as a parent but she acts like one. To begin with, I will start talking about the Bennet family. If we look at the Bennets with modern eyes, we could say that their behavior towards their daughters is very different from how parents get along with their children nowadays. In modern society parents do not marry of their children, we could see this as old fashioned. But in the 19th century the wealthy families wanted that their descendants married other wealthy families in order to save their property. The happiness and feelings of the children did not matter to the parents as we can see in Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Bennet loves his family but he detaches from them in order not to get involved with their lives. He gets on really well with Elizabeth because they both are the most intelligent members of the Bennet family. But as the novel evolves he turns into a father that is weak and in critical moments he fails his family. For instance, he fails his family when Lydia runs off with Wickham. [†¦] â€Å"My dear Mr. Bennet,† said his lady to him one day, â€Å"have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?† Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. â€Å"But it is,† returned she; â€Å"for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.† Mr. Bennet made no answer. â€Å"Do not you want to know who has taken it?† cried his wife impatiently. â€Å"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.† [†¦] (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Volume I, Chapter I, page 5) In this short extract of the novel Pride and Prejudice a lot is shown about Mr. Bennet and his wife. In the first six lines it is seen that Mr. Bennet does not care that someone has come to live to Netherfield Park. Instead his wife insists on telling him everything she knows about it. Mr. Bennet, to me, does not care and in a way teases his wife by being so uninterested. He knows that this behavior makes his wife very nervous but the last line takes all the tension away. You expect a huge quarrel but instead you read this line and, at least I was, a little bit astonished because I did not expect that answer, reality from him. Going back to the topic of parenting this extract is quite interesting. It shows that Mr. Bennet is passive about everything that has to do with his daughters but, on the other hand, Mrs. Bennet wants to know everything that is going on because she wants to marry off her daughters to a wealthy gentleman. She can only think of that. She does not care at all about the feeling of her daughters. [†¦] â€Å"Dining out,† said Mrs. Bennet, â€Å"that is very unlucky.† â€Å"Can I have the carriage,† said Jane. â€Å"No, my dear, you had better go on horseback, because it seems likely to rain; and then you must stay all night.† â€Å"That would be a good scheme,† said Elizabeth, â€Å"if you were sure that they would not offer to send her home.† â€Å"Oh! But the gentleman will have Mr. Bingley’s chaise to go to Meryton; and Hursts have no horses theirs.† â€Å"I much rather go in the coach.† â€Å"But, my dear, your father cannot spare the horses, I am sure. They are wanted in the farm, Mr. Bennet, are they not?† (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Volume I, Chapter 7, page 31) Here we can see the clear interest of Mrs. Bennet towards Jane, the oldest daughter. She wants her daughter to go to the lunch and to stay over there because it probably will rain. Even though there is a chance that Jane gets ill, Mrs. Bennet insists on Jane going over to the lunch. This behavior shows the readers that she cares about her daughter but, she only wants to be sure that the property and everything that they posses will not end up with Mr. Bennet’s cousin. Mrs. Bennet continues to behave in this way during whole the novel. At no point, the reader can see affection from Mrs. Bennet towards her daughters. Certainly, we can see no motherly behavior; she never gets involved with the daily chores of the house or with the personal hygiene of her daughters. Something that mothers nowadays do a lot, getting involved with her children’s life. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner are very different from Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. The Gardiners do care about the feeling of their children. In this case they get along very well with Jane and Elizabeth and help them with the struggle they have with Bingley and Darcy. We can see that Mrs. Gardiner cares for her nieces because she does things to protect the girls, so as to prevent them to do certain things they might regret in the future. She protects them as a mother should do, she gives them advice, and she listens to the girls. Mrs. Gardiner is the opposite of Mrs. Bennet. The former involves more in the lives of the girls and guides them through it while the latter just wants that her daughters to marry some rich man in order not to lose their possessions they have at Longbourn. In the next extract the readers can see what kind of a woman Mrs. Gardiner is: [†¦] Her aunt assured her that she was; and Elizabeth having thanked her for the kindness of her hinds, they parted; a wonderful instance of advice being given on such a point, without being resented. [†¦] (Austen, Volume II, Chapter III, page 143) Austen describes Mr. Gardiner in the following way: â€Å"Mr. Gardiner was a sensible, gentlemanlike man, greatly superior to his sister as well by nature as education.†(Austen, Volume II, Chapter 2, page 137) Although Mr. Gardiner does not appear much in the novel he is present every time his carrying wife appears. Frankly, every time Mrs. Gardiner appears I imagine that her husband is involved in the conversation and thought of his wife. Lady Catherine De Bourgh is Darcy’s aunt and she does not want that some girl, especially not with lower social wealth marries her nephew. Lady De Bourgh is a very wealthy woman and with this she thinks that she has to tell other people how, why and when they should do things or not. When she finds out that Elizabeth is very fond of Darcy she asks Elizabeth many questions; on the one hand, to let Elizabeth know that she is more intelligent and from a higher social class; on the other hand, to maybe scare Elizabeth off. If we analyze this behavior taking in consideration parenthood, we could say that she is protective and cares about her family. After all, the reader knows who and what kind of woman she is and that all those questions are just for personal interest and not to help her nephew Darcy. To conclude, I would like to say that many different manners of being a parent appear in the novel. We have seen the Bennet family, the Gardiner family and Lady Catherine De Bourgh. We could say that the Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are cold people; they do not care about the feelings of their children and they only care about their reputation and social wealth. On the other hand the Gardiners are protective towards the Bennet girls. They try to help them by giving them advice and to talk to other people to find out in what situation the girls are putting themselves into. Last but not least, Lady Catherine De Bourgh. She is from a wealthy social class and does everything she can so that no one with a lower social wealth comes into her family. Finally she has to accept that Elizabeth and Darcy get married. In the end I could say that different types of parenthood appear in the novel. To me, parents should get involved in the life of their children, to protect them and prevent them of making mistakes they will regret. Being a good parent involves being there for your children and not to act in your personal interest. The only family that is honest, to me, is the Gardiner family.